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<title>Chess rating system</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chess rating system</span></span>

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<p>A <b>chess rating system</b> is a system used in <a href="Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> to estimate the strength of a player, based on their performance versus other players. They are used by organizations such as <a href="FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a>, the <a href="US_Chess_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="US Chess Federation">US Chess Federation</a> (USCF or US Chess), <a href="International_Correspondence_Chess_Federation" title="International Correspondence Chess Federation">International Correspondence Chess Federation</a>, and the <a href="English_Chess_Federation" title="English Chess Federation">English Chess Federation</a>. Most of the systems are used to recalculate ratings after a tournament or match but some are used to recalculate ratings after individual games. Popular <a href="Online_chess" title="Online chess">online chess</a> sites such as <a href="Chess.com" title="Chess.com">Chess.com</a>, <a href="Lichess" title="Lichess">Lichess</a>, and <a href="Internet_Chess_Club" title="Internet Chess Club">Internet Chess Club</a> also implement rating systems. In almost all systems, a higher number indicates a stronger player. In general, players' ratings go up if they perform better than expected and down if they perform worse than expected. The magnitude of the change depends on the rating of their opponents. The <a href="Elo_rating_system" title="Elo rating system">Elo rating system</a> is currently the most widely used (though it has many variations and improvements). The Elo-like ratings systems have been adopted in many other contexts, such as <a href="Go_ranks_and_ratings#Rating_systems" title="Go ranks and ratings">other games like Go</a>, in <a href="Esports" title="Esports">online competitive gaming</a>, and in <a href="Dating_app" title="Dating app">dating apps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first modern rating system was used by the <a href="Correspondence_Chess_League_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Correspondence Chess League of America">Correspondence Chess League of America</a> in 1939. Soviet player Andrey Khachaturov proposed a similar system in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first one that made an impact on international chess was the Ingo system in 1948. The USCF adopted the Harkness system in 1950. Shortly after, the <a href="British_Chess_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Chess Federation">British Chess Federation</a> started using a system devised by <a href="Richard_W._B._Clarke" title="Richard W. B. Clarke">Richard W. B. Clarke</a>. The USCF switched to the <a href="Elo_rating_system" title="Elo rating system">Elo rating system</a> in 1960, which was adopted by <a href="FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ingo_system">Ingo system</h2></div>

<p>This was the system of the West German Chess Federation from 1948 until 1992, designed by Anton Hoesslinger and published in 1948. It was replaced by an Elo system, <a href="Deutsche_Wertungszahl" title="Deutsche Wertungszahl">Deutsche Wertungszahl</a>. It influenced some other rating systems.

</p><p>New players receive a high, fixed starting score. Players' new ratings centre on the average rating of entrants to their competition: then if having achieved better than a net draw set of result, <i>minus</i> the number of percentage points it is over 50% (e.g. a 12–4 or 24–8 wins-to-losses result is, as ever, noted as a 75% tournament outcome) – if having achieved worse than this then the number, again in percent, is <i>added</i> to the average of the tournament entrants' scores; thus in all cases recalibrating all players after each tournament completely. A consequence is at most 50 points gained or shed per tournament (namely by a totally winning or totally losing participant) away from the <i>tournament average</i>. Unlike other modern, nationally used chess systems, lower numbers indicate better performance.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Harkness_system">Harkness system</h2></div>

<p>This system was noted in <i>Chess Review</i> by tournament organizer <a href="Kenneth_Harkness" title="Kenneth Harkness">Kenneth Harkness</a>, who expounded his invention of it in articles of 1956, 14 years later. It was used by the USCF from 1950 to 1960 and also by other organizations.

</p><p>When players compete in a tournament, the average rating of their competition is calculated. If a player scores 50%, they receive the average competition rating as their performance rating. If they score more than 50%, their new rating is the competition average plus 10 points per percentage point exceeding 50. If they score less, their new rating is the competition average minus 10 points per percentage point shy of 50.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example">Example</h3></div>

<p>A player with a rating of 1600 plays in an eleven-round tournament and scores 2½–8½ (22.7%) against competition with an average rating of 1850. This is 27.3% below 50% (50–22.7%), so their new rating is 1850 − (10 × 27.3) = 1577.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_Chess_Federation_system">English Chess Federation system</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="ECF_grading_system" title="ECF grading system">ECF grading system</a></div>

<p>The <a href="ECF_grading_system" title="ECF grading system">ECF grading system</a> was used by the <a href="English_Chess_Federation" title="English Chess Federation">English Chess Federation</a> until 2020. It was published in 1958 by <a href="Richard_W._B._Clarke" title="Richard W. B. Clarke">Richard W. B. Clarke</a>. Each game has a large potential effect. Points (grades) are never immediately effective for every game won, lost or drawn, in a registered competition (including English congresses, local and county leagues, and registered, approved team events) but are averaged into personal grade (ECF Grade) over a cycle of at least 30 games.

</p><p>A player's contributing score for such averaging is taken to be their opponent's grade (but the gap is deemed to be 40 points, if greater than such a grade gap). However this is adjusted by adding 50 points for a win, subtracting 50 points for a loss, and making no adjustment for a draw. Negative grades are deemed to be nil, so a personal score of 50 arose quickly in the lower leagues and experienced novices aspire to a 100 grading. The cyclical averaging and cycle-persistent Grades are its hallmarks. The maximum gain in a single cycle is 90 points, which would entail beating much higher-rated opponents at every match. The opposite applies to losses.

</p><p>To convert between ECF and Elo grades, the formula ELO = (ECF * 7.50) + 700 was sometimes used.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elo_rating_system">Elo rating system</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Elo_rating_system" title="Elo rating system">Elo rating system</a></div>

<p>The Elo system was invented by <a href="Arpad_Elo" title="Arpad Elo">Arpad Elo</a> and is the most common rating system. It is used by <a href="FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a>, other organizations and some Chess websites such as <a href="Internet_Chess_Club" title="Internet Chess Club">Internet Chess Club</a> and <a href="Chess24.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess24.com">chess24.com</a>. Elo once stated that the process of rating players was in any case rather approximate; he compared it to "the measurement of the position of a cork bobbing up and down on the surface of agitated water with a yard stick tied to a rope and which is swaying in the wind".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any attempt to consolidate all aspects of a player's strength into a single number inevitably misses some of the picture.

</p><p>FIDE divides all its normal tournaments into categories by a narrower average rating of the players. Each category is 25 rating points wide. Category 1 is for an average rating of 2251 to 2275, category 2 is 2276 to 2300, etc. Women's tournaments currently commence 200 points lower, including its Category 1.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<caption>Elo scales, 1978<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<th>Rating range</th>

<th>Category

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>No formal title, but sometimes informally known as "super grandmasters"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmasters (GM)</a>

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<td><a href="International_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="International Master">International Masters (IM)</a>

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<td><a href="FIDE_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE Master">FIDE Masters (FM)</a>

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<tr>

<td><a href="Candidate_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidate Master">Candidate Masters (CM)</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Experts

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Class A, category 1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Class B, category 2

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Class C, category 3

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Class D, category 4

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Class E, category 5

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Below 1000</td>

<td>Novices

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The USCF uses the USCF system, a modification of the Elo system, in which the K factor varies and it gives bonus points for superior performance in a tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> USCF ratings are generally 50 to 100 points higher than the FIDE equivalents.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<caption>USCF rating categories

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<th>Category</th>

<th>Rating range

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<td>Senior master</td>

<td>2400 and up

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<tr>

<td>National master</td>

<td>2200–2399

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<td>Expert</td>

<td>2000–2199

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<td>Class A</td>

<td>1800–1999

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<td>Class B</td>

<td>1600–1799

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<td>Class C</td>

<td>1400–1599

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<tr>

<td>Class D</td>

<td>1200–1399

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<tr>

<td>Class E</td>

<td>1000–1199

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Class F</td>

<td>800–999

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Class G</td>

<td>600–799

</td></tr>

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<td>Class H</td>

<td>400–599

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<td>Class I</td>

<td>200–399

</td></tr>

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<td>Class J</td>

<td>100–199

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_2">Example</h3></div>

<p>Elo gives an example of amending the rating of <a href="Lajos_Portisch" title="Lajos Portisch">Lajos Portisch</a>, a 2635-rated player before his tournament, who scores 10½ points of a possible 16 winning points (as this is against 16 players). First, the difference in rating is recorded for each other player he faced. Then the expected score, against each, is determined from a table, which publishes this for every band of rating difference. For instance, one opponent was <a href="Vlastimil_Hort" title="Vlastimil Hort">Vlastimil Hort</a>, who was rated at 2600. The rating difference of 35 gave Portisch an expected score of "0.55". This is an impossible score as not 0, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">

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</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> or 1 but as this is higher than 0.5 even a draw will very slightly damage Portisch's rating; conversely a draw will very slightly improve Hort's rating.

</p><p>Portisch's expected score is summed for each of his matches, which gave a total expected score of 9.66. Then the formula is:

</p>

<dl><dd>new rating = old rating + (K × (W−W<sub>e</sub>))</dd></dl>

<p>K is 10; W is the actual match/tournament score; W<sub>e</sub> is the expected score.

</p><p>Portisch's new rating<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is 2635 + 10×(10.5−9.66) = 2643.4.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linear_approximation">Linear approximation</h3></div>

<p>Elo devised a linear approximation to his full system, negating the need for look-up tables of expected score. With that method, a player's new rating is

</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{new}=R_{old}+K\left({\frac {W-L}{2}}\right)-\left({\frac {K}{4C}}\right)\sum _{i}D_{i}}">

<msub>

</mrow>

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</mrow>

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<mrow>

<mfrac>

<mrow>

</mrow>

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<mrow>

<mfrac>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{new}=R_{old}+K\left({\frac {W-L}{2}}\right)-\left({\frac {K}{4C}}\right)\sum _{i}D_{i}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./96b880c8eb7e1c733f072445dc906cff96add2ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:45.456ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{new}=R_{old}+K\left({\frac {W-L}{2}}\right)-\left({\frac {K}{4C}}\right)\sum _{i}D_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>

</p><p>where <i>R</i><sub>new</sub> and <i>R</i><sub>old</sub> are the player's new and old ratings respectively, <i>D</i><sub>i</sub> is the opponent's rating minus the player's rating, <i>W</i> is the number of wins, <i>L</i> is the number of losses, <i>C</i> = 200 and <i>K</i> = 32. The term <i>(W-L) / 2</i> is the score above or below 0. <i>ΣD / 4C</i> is the expected score according to: 4C rating points equals 100%.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The USCF used a modification of this system to calculate ratings after individual games of <a href="Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">correspondence chess</a>, with a <i>K</i> = 32 and <i>C</i> = 200.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glicko_rating_system">Glicko rating system</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Glicko_rating_system" title="Glicko rating system">Glicko rating system</a></div>

<p>The Glicko system is a more modern approach, which was invented by Mark Glickman as an improvement of the Elo system. It is used by <a href="Chess.com" title="Chess.com">Chess.com</a>, <a href="Free_Internet_Chess_Server" title="Free Internet Chess Server">Free Internet Chess Server</a> and other online chess servers. The Glicko-2 system is a refinement of the original Glicko system and is used by <a href="Lichess" title="Lichess">Lichess</a>, <a href="Australian_Chess_Federation" title="Australian Chess Federation">Australian Chess Federation</a> and other online websites.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkey_UKD_system">Turkey UKD system</h2></div>

<p>TSF (Turkey Chess Federation) uses a combination of ELO and UKD system.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="USA_ICCF_system">USA ICCF system</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="ICCF_U.S.A." title="ICCF U.S.A.">ICCF U.S.A.</a> used its own system in the 1970s. It now uses the Elo system.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deutsche_Wertungszahl">Deutsche Wertungszahl</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Deutsche_Wertungszahl" title="Deutsche Wertungszahl">Deutsche Wertungszahl</a></div>

<p>The Deutsche Wertungszahl system replaced the Ingo system in Germany.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chessmetrics">Chessmetrics</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Chessmetrics" title="Chessmetrics">Chessmetrics</a></div>

<p>The Chessmetrics system was invented by <a href="Jeff_Sonas" title="Jeff Sonas">Jeff Sonas</a>. It is based on computer analysis of a large database of games and is intended to be more accurate than the Elo system.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Universal_Rating_System">Universal Rating System</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Universal_Rating_System" title="Universal Rating System">Universal Rating System</a></div>

<p>The Universal Rating System was developed by <a href="Mark_Glickman" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Glickman">Mark Glickman</a>, <a href="Jeff_Sonas" title="Jeff Sonas">Jeff Sonas</a>, J. Isaac Miller and Maxime Rischard, with the support of the <a href="Grand_Chess_Tour" title="Grand Chess Tour">Grand Chess Tour</a>, the Kasparov Chess Foundation, and the <a href="Chess_Club_and_Scholastic_Center_of_Saint_Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis">Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rating_systems_using_computers_as_a_reference">Rating systems using computers as a reference</h2></div>

<p>Many rating systems give a rating to players at a given time, but cannot compare players from different eras. In 2006, Matej Guid and <a href="Ivan_Bratko_(computer_scientist)" title="Ivan Bratko (computer scientist)">Ivan Bratko</a> pioneered a new way of rating players, by comparing their moves against the recommended moves of a <a href="Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">chess engine</a>. The authors used the program <a href="Crafty" title="Crafty">Crafty</a> and argued that even a lower-ranked program (Elo around 2700) could identify good players.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their follow-up study, they used <a href="Rybka" title="Rybka">Rybka 3</a> to estimate chess player ratings.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2017, Jean-Marc Alliot compared players using <a href="Stockfish_(chess)" title="Stockfish (chess)">Stockfish 6</a> with an ELO rating around 3300, well above top human players.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2></div>

<ul><li>1933 – The Correspondence Chess League of America (now <a href="ICCF_U.S.A." title="ICCF U.S.A.">ICCF U.S.A.</a>) is the first national organization to use a numerical rating system. It chooses the Short system which clubs on the west coast of the US had used. In 1934 the CCLA switched to the Walt James Percentage System but in 1940 returned to a point system designed by Kenneth Williams.</li>

<li>1942 – <i><a href="Chess_Review" title="Chess Review">Chess Review</a></i> uses the Harkness system, an improvement of the Williams system.</li>

<li>1944 – The CCLA changes to an improved version of the Williams system devised by William Wilcock. A slight change to the system was made in 1949.</li>

<li>1946 – The <a href="USSR_Chess_Federation" title="USSR Chess Federation">USSR Chess Federation</a> uses a non-numerical system to classify players.</li>

<li>1948 – The Ingo system is published and used by the West German Chess Federation.</li>

<li>1949 – The Harkness system is submitted to the USCF. The British Chess Federation adopts it later and uses it at least as late as 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>1950 – The USCF starts using the Harkness system and publishes its first rating list in the November issue of <i><a href="Chess_Life" title="Chess Life">Chess Life</a></i>. <a href="Reuben_Fine" title="Reuben Fine">Reuben Fine</a> is first with a rating of 2817 and <a href="Sammy_Reshevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Sammy Reshevsky">Sammy Reshevsky</a> is second with 2770.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>1959 – The USCF names Arpad Elo the head of a committee to examine all rating systems and make recommendations.</li>

<li>1961 – Elo develops his system and it is used by the USCF.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is published in the June 1961 issue of <i>Chess Life</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>1970 – <a href="FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> starts using the Elo system. <a href="Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a> is at the top of the list.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>1978 – Elo's book (<i>The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present</i>) on his rating system is published.</li>

<li>1993 – <a href="Deutsche_Wertungszahl" title="Deutsche Wertungszahl">Deutsche Wertungszahl</a> replaces the Ingo system in Germany.</li>

<li>2001 – the <a href="Glicko_rating_system" title="Glicko rating system">Glicko system</a> by Glickman is published.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>2005 – Chessmetrics is published by Jeff Sonas.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>2006 – Matej Guid and Ivan Bratko publish the research paper "Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions", which rates champions by comparing their moves to the moves chosen by the computer program <a href="Crafty" title="Crafty">Crafty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>2017 – Jean-Marc Alliot publishes the research paper "Who is the Master?", which rates champions by comparing their moves to <a href="Stockfish_(chess)" title="Stockfish (chess)">Stockfish 6</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Elo_rating_system" title="Elo rating system">Elo rating system</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_engine#Chess_engine_rating_lists" title="Chess engine">Chess engine rating lists</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_rating_system" title="Sports rating system">Sports rating system</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_FIDE_chess_world_number_ones" title="List of FIDE chess world number ones">List of FIDE chess world number ones</a></li>

<li><a href="FIDE_world_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE world rankings">FIDE world rankings</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819190821/https://killscreen.com/articles/tinder-matchmaking-is-more-like-warcraft-than-you-might-think/">"Tinder matchmaking is more like Warcraft than you might think - Kill Screen"</a>. 2017-08-19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://killscreen.com/articles/tinder-matchmaking-is-more-like-warcraft-than-you-might-think/">the original</a> on 2017-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-04</span></span>. <q>According to Tinder CEO Jonathan Badeen, Tinder uses a variation of ELO scoring to determine how you rank among the site's userbase, and therefore, which profiles to suggest to you and whose queues your profile shows up in.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHooperWhyld1992">Hooper & Whyld 1992</a>:332)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHooperWhyld1992">Hooper & Whyld 1992</a>:332)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHarkness1967">Harkness 1967</a>:205–6).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHarkness1967">Harkness 1967</a>:185–88)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHarkness1967">Harkness 1967</a>:187)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.englishchess.org.uk/the-calculation-of-ecf-grades-on-a-monthly-basis/">"The calculation of ECF Grades on a monthly basis"</a>. <i>English Chess Federation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-08</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chess Life</i>, 1962.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fide.com/component/handbook/?id=57&view=article">FIDE Handbook, Section B.0.0</a>, <a href="FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> web site</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saintlouischessclub.org/blog/how-face-super-grandmaster">"How to face a Super Grandmaster?"</a>. <i>Saint Louis Chess Club</i>. January 25, 2019.</cite></span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uschess.org/content/view/7520">"The United States Chess Federation - CC Ratings Explanation"</a>. <i>www.uschess.org</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukd.tsf.org.tr/">"TSF UKD Bilgi Sistemi"</a>. <i>ukd.tsf.org.tr</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://universalrating.com/about-us.php">"Universal Rating System"</a>. 2017-01-03.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRiis2006" class="citation web cs1">Riis, Søren (2 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.chessbase.com/post/computer-analysis-of-world-champions">"Review of "Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions""</a>. <i>Chessbase</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRiis2011" class="citation web cs1">Riis, Søren (11 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.chessbase.com/post/using-che-engines-to-estimate-human-skill">"Review of "Using Chess Engines to Estimate Human Skill""</a>. <i>Chessbase</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-auto-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlliot2017" class="citation journal cs1">Alliot, Jean-Marc (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FICG-160012">"Who is the Master?"</a>. <i>ICGA Journal</i>. <b>39</b>: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>43. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FICG-160012">10.3233/ICG-160012</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHarkness1967">Harkness 1967</a>:184)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFLawrence2009">Lawrence 2009</a>)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHarkness1967">Harkness 1967</a>:184)</span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611155802/http://www.glicko.net/glicko/glicko.doc/glicko.html">"Glickman website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glicko.net/glicko/glicko.doc/glicko.html">the original</a> on June 11, 2010.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111115053656/http://www.chessmetrics.com/cm/">"Welcome to the Chessmetrics site"</a>. <i>chessmetrics.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chessmetrics.com/cm/">the original</a> on November 15, 2011.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGuidBratko" class="citation journal cs1">Guid, Matej; Bratko, Ivan. "Computer analysis of world chess champions". <i>International Computer Games Association Journal</i>. <b>29</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>14.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFElo1978" class="citation cs2"><a href="Arpad_Elo" title="Arpad Elo">Elo, Arpad</a> (1978), <i>The Rating of Chess Players, Past and Present</i>, Arco, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-668-04721-0</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHarkness1967" class="citation cs2"><a href="Kenneth_Harkness" title="Kenneth Harkness">Harkness, Kenneth</a> (1967), <i>The Official Chess Handbook</i>, McKay</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHooperWhyld1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="David_Vincent_Hooper" title="David Vincent Hooper">Hooper, David</a>; <a href="Kenneth_Whyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Whyld">Whyld, Kenneth</a> (1992), <i><a href="The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess">The Oxford Companion to Chess</a></i> (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-280049-7</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJustBurg2003" class="citation cs2">Just, Tim; Burg, Daniel B. (2003), <i>U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess</i> (5th ed.), McKay, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8129-3559-2</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="Al_Lawrence_(chess_writer)" title="Al Lawrence (chess writer)">Lawrence, Al</a> (February 2009), "Ratings, Rules, and Rockets: USCF's 2nd decade: 1949–1958", <i><a href="Chess_Life" title="Chess Life">Chess Life</a></i>, <b>2009</b> (2): 9</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4326">Chessbase article</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/ratings.html">"Chess Ratings" by Edward Winter</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111115053656/http://www.chessmetrics.com/cm/">Chessmetrics website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104083935/http://www.glicko.net/ratings/approx.pdf">approximate USCF ratings</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesselo.com/">Elo system and chess rating calculation in FIDE</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statsilk.com/maps/chess-fide-country-and-player-rankings-interactive-world-map">Interactive world map of FIDE country rankings</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Chess445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Outline_of_chess" title="Outline of chess">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chess_theory" title="Chess theory">Chess theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_title" title="Chess title">Chess titles</a>

<ul><li><a href="Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">Computer chess</a>

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_computer_chess_terms" title="Glossary of computer chess terms">glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Human%E2%80%93computer_chess_matches" title="Human–computer chess matches">matches</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">engines</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_chess_software" title="List of chess software">software</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">Correspondence chess</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_chess" title="Online chess">Online chess</a>

<ul><li><a href="Premove" title="Premove">Premove</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_chess_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet chess server">Internet chess server</a>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="FIDE_world_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE world rankings">world rankings</a></li>

<li><a href="Norm_(chess)" title="Norm (chess)">norms</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_variant" title="Chess variant">Variants</a>

<li><a href="List_of_world_records_in_chess" title="List of world records in chess">World records</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chess_equipment" title="Chess equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chess_set" title="Chess set">Chess set</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chessboard" title="Chessboard">chessboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Dubrovnik_chess_set" title="Dubrovnik chess set">Dubrovnik chess set</a></li>

<li><a href="Staunton_chess_set" title="Staunton chess set">Staunton chess set</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_piece" title="Chess piece">Chess pieces</a>

<li><a href="Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">Queen</a></li>

<li><a href="Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">Bishop</a></li>

<li><a href="Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">Knight</a></li>

<li><a href="Fairy_chess_piece" title="Fairy chess piece">Fairy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">Chess clock</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_table" title="Chess table">Chess table</a></li>

<li><dfn><a href="Glossary_of_chess#score_sheets" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § Score sheets" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">Score sheets</span></a></dfn></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_chess" title="History of chess">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_chess" title="Timeline of chess">Timeline</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Versus_de_scachis" title="Versus de scachis">Versus de scachis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="G%C3%B6ttingen_manuscript" title="Göttingen manuscript">Göttingen manuscript</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Charlemagne_chessmen" title="Charlemagne chessmen">Charlemagne chessmen</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li>

<li><a href="Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Romantic chess</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypermodernism_(chess)" title="Hypermodernism (chess)">Hypermodernism</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_chess_school" title="Soviet chess school">Soviet chess school</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history" title="Comparison of top chess players throughout history">Top player comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Geography_of_chess" title="Geography of chess">Geography of chess</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chess_in_Africa" title="Chess in Africa">Africa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chess_in_South_Africa" title="Chess in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_in_China" title="Chess in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_in_Europe" title="Chess in Europe">Europe</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chess_in_Armenia" title="Chess in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_in_Spain" title="Chess in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_in_India" title="Chess in India">India</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_chess_games" title="List of chess games">Notable games</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_chess_players" title="List of chess players">List of chess players</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_amateur_chess_players" title="List of amateur chess players">amateurs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_female_chess_players" title="List of female chess players">female</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_chess_grandmasters" title="List of chess grandmasters">grandmasters</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_chess" title="Women in chess">Women in chess</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_people_in_chess" title="Transgender people in chess">Transgender people in chess</a></li>

<li>Chess museums

<ul><li><a href="Bobby_Fischer_Center" title="Bobby Fischer Center">Bobby Fischer Center</a></li>

<li><a href="G%C3%B6kyay_Association_Chess_Museum" title="Gökyay Association Chess Museum">Gökyay Association Chess Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Chess_Hall_of_Fame" title="World Chess Hall of Fame">World Chess Hall of Fame</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rules_of_chess" title="Rules of chess">Rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Castling" title="Castling">Castling</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheating_in_chess" title="Cheating in chess">Cheating in chess</a></li>

<li><a href="Check_(chess)" title="Check (chess)">Check</a></li>

<li><a href="Checkmate" title="Checkmate">Checkmate</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Draw_by_agreement" title="Draw by agreement">by agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifty-move_rule" title="Fifty-move rule">Fifty-move rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Perpetual_check" title="Perpetual check">Perpetual check</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalemate" title="Stalemate">Stalemate</a></li>

<li><a href="Threefold_repetition" title="Threefold repetition">Threefold repetition</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="En_passant" title="En passant">En passant</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Promotion_(chess)" title="Promotion (chess)">Pawn promotion</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_control" title="Time control">Time control</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fast_chess" title="Fast chess">Fast chess</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Touch-move_rule" title="Touch-move rule">Touch-move rule</a></li>

<li><a href="White_and_Black_in_chess" title="White and Black in chess">White and Black</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blunder_(chess)" title="Blunder (chess)">Blunder</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_notation" title="Chess notation">Chess notation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic</a></li>

<li><a href="Descriptive_notation" title="Descriptive notation">descriptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_annotation_symbols" title="Chess annotation symbols">annotation symbols</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Chess symbols in Unicode">symbols in Unicode</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fianchetto" title="Fianchetto">Fianchetto</a></li>

<li><a href="Gambit" title="Gambit">Gambit</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_square" title="Key square">Key square</a></li>

<li><a href="Outpost_(chess)" title="Outpost (chess)">Outpost</a></li>

<li><a href="Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawns</a>

<ul><li><a href="Backward_pawn" title="Backward pawn">backward</a></li>

<li><a href="Connected_pawns" title="Connected pawns">connected</a></li>

<li><a href="Doubled_pawns" title="Doubled pawns">doubled</a></li>

<li><a href="Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">isolated</a></li>

<li><a href="Passed_pawn" title="Passed pawn">passed</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swindle_(chess)" title="Swindle (chess)">Swindle</a></li>

<li><a href="Tempo_(chess)" title="Tempo (chess)">Tempo</a></li>

<li><a href="Transposition_(chess)" title="Transposition (chess)">Transposition</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chess_tactic" title="Chess tactic">Tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Castling#Artificial_castling" title="Castling">Artificial castling</a></li>

<li><a href="Battery_(chess)" title="Battery (chess)">Battery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alekhine's_gun" title="Alekhine's gun">Alekhine's gun</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Block_(chess)" title="Block (chess)">Block</a></li>

<li><a href="Checkmate_pattern" title="Checkmate pattern">Checkmate patterns</a></li>

<li><a href="Combination_(chess)" title="Combination (chess)">Combination</a></li>

<li><a href="Decoy_(chess)" title="Decoy (chess)">Decoy</a></li>

<li><a href="Deflection_(chess)" title="Deflection (chess)">Deflection</a></li>

<li><a href="Desperado_(chess)" title="Desperado (chess)">Desperado</a></li>

<li><a href="Discovered_attack" title="Discovered attack">Discovered attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_check" title="Double check">Double check</a></li>

<li><a href="Interference_(chess)" title="Interference (chess)">Interference</a></li>

<li><a href="Overloading_(chess)" title="Overloading (chess)">Overloading</a></li>

<li><a href="Pawn_storm" title="Pawn storm">Pawn storm</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacrifice_(chess)" title="Sacrifice (chess)">Sacrifice</a>

<ul><li><a href="Queen_sacrifice" title="Queen sacrifice">Queen sacrifice</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Skewer_(chess)" title="Skewer (chess)">Skewer</a></li>

<li><a href="Undermining_(chess)" title="Undermining (chess)">Undermining</a></li>

<li><a href="Windmill_(chess)" title="Windmill (chess)">Windmill</a></li>

<li><a href="Zwischenzug" title="Zwischenzug">Zwischenzug</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chess_strategy" title="Chess strategy">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compensation_(chess)" title="Compensation (chess)">Compensation</a></li>

<li><a href="Exchange_(chess)" title="Exchange (chess)">Exchange</a>

<ul><li><a href="The_exchange_(chess)" title="The exchange (chess)">the exchange</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Initiative_(chess)" title="Initiative (chess)">Initiative</a>

<ul><li><a href="First-move_advantage_in_chess" title="First-move advantage in chess">first-move advantage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_middlegame" title="Chess middlegame">Middlegame</a></li>

<li><a href="Pawn_structure" title="Pawn structure">Pawn structure</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hedgehog_(chess)" title="Hedgehog (chess)">Hedgehog</a></li>

<li><a href="Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">Isolated Queen's Pawn</a></li>

<li><a href="Mar%C3%B3czy_Bind" title="Maróczy Bind">Maróczy Bind</a></li>

<li><a href="Minority_attack" title="Minority attack">Minority attack</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_piece_relative_value" title="Chess piece relative value">Piece values</a></li>

<li><a href="Prophylaxis_(chess)" title="Prophylaxis (chess)">Prophylaxis</a></li>

<li><a href="School_of_chess" title="School of chess">School of chess</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chess_opening" title="Chess opening">Openings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Flank_opening" title="Flank opening">Flank opening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="King's_Fianchetto_Opening" title="King's Fianchetto Opening">Benko Opening</a></li>

<li><a href="Bird's_Opening" title="Bird's Opening">Bird's Opening</a></li>

<li><a href="Dunst_Opening" title="Dunst Opening">Dunst Opening</a></li>

<li><a href="English_Opening" title="English Opening">English Opening</a></li>

<li><a href="Grob's_Attack" title="Grob's Attack">Grob's Attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Larsen's_Opening" class="mw-redirect" title="Larsen's Opening">Larsen's Opening</a></li>

<li><a href="Zukertort_Opening" title="Zukertort Opening">Zukertort Opening</a>

<ul><li><a href="King's_Indian_Attack" title="King's Indian Attack">King's Indian Attack</a></li>

<li><a href="R%C3%A9ti_Opening" title="Réti Opening">Réti Opening</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="King's_Pawn_Game" title="King's Pawn Game">King's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alekhine's_Defence" title="Alekhine's Defence">Alekhine's Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Caro%E2%80%93Kann_Defence" title="Caro–Kann Defence">Caro–Kann Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Defence" title="French Defence">French Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_Defense" title="Modern Defense">Modern Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Nimzowitsch_Defence" title="Nimzowitsch Defence">Nimzowitsch Defence</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Four_Knights_Game" title="Four Knights Game">Four Knights Game</a></li>

<li><a href="Giuoco_Piano" title="Giuoco Piano">Giuoco Piano</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_Game" title="Italian Game">Italian Game</a></li>

<li><a href="King's_Gambit" title="King's Gambit">King's Gambit</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrov's_Defence" title="Petrov's Defence">Petrov's Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Philidor_Defence" title="Philidor Defence">Philidor Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Ponziani_Opening" title="Ponziani Opening">Ponziani Opening</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruy_Lopez" title="Ruy Lopez">Ruy Lopez</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-Italian_Opening" title="Semi-Italian Opening">Semi-Italian Opening</a></li>

<li><a href="Scotch_Game" title="Scotch Game">Scotch Game</a></li>

<li><a href="Two_Knights_Defense" title="Two Knights Defense">Two Knights Defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Vienna_Game" title="Vienna Game">Vienna Game</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Owen's_Defence" title="Owen's Defence">Owen's Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Pirc_Defence" title="Pirc Defence">Pirc Defence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pirc_Defence%2C_Austrian_Attack" title="Pirc Defence, Austrian Attack">Austrian Attack</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Scandinavian_Defense" title="Scandinavian Defense">Scandinavian Defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Sicilian_Defence" title="Sicilian Defence">Sicilian Defence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sicilian_Defence%2C_Alapin_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Alapin Variation">Alapin</a></li>

<li><a href="Sicilian_Defence%2C_Dragon_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation">Dragon</a>/<a href="Sicilian_Defence%2C_Accelerated_Dragon" title="Sicilian Defence, Accelerated Dragon">Accelerated Dragon</a></li>

<li><a href="Sicilian_Defence%2C_Najdorf_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Najdorf Variation">Najdorf</a></li>

<li><a href="Sicilian_Defence%2C_Scheveningen_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation">Scheveningen</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Queen's_Pawn_Game" title="Queen's Pawn Game">Queen's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Budapest_Gambit" title="Budapest Gambit">Budapest Gambit</a></li>

<li><a href="Colle_System" title="Colle System">Colle System</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_Defence" title="Dutch Defence">Dutch Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="English_Defence" title="English Defence">English Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Defence" title="Indian Defence">Indian Defence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Benoni_Defense" title="Benoni Defense">Benoni Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_Benoni" title="Modern Benoni">Modern Benoni</a></li>

<li><a href="Bogo-Indian_Defence" title="Bogo-Indian Defence">Bogo-Indian Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Catalan_Opening" title="Catalan Opening">Catalan Opening</a></li>

<li><a href="Gr%C3%BCnfeld_Defence" title="Grünfeld Defence">Grünfeld Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="King's_Indian_Defence" title="King's Indian Defence">King's Indian Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Nimzo-Indian_Defence" title="Nimzo-Indian Defence">Nimzo-Indian Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Indian_Defense" title="Old Indian Defense">Old Indian Defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen's_Indian_Defense" title="Queen's Indian Defense">Queen's Indian Defence</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="London_System" title="London System">London System</a></li>

<li><a href="Richter%E2%80%93Veresov_Attack" title="Richter–Veresov Attack">Richter–Veresov Attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen's_Gambit" title="Queen's Gambit">Queen's Gambit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Queen's_Gambit_Accepted" title="Queen's Gambit Accepted">Accepted</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen's_Gambit_Declined" title="Queen's Gambit Declined">Declined</a></li>

<li><a href="Slav_Defense" title="Slav Defense">Slav Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-Slav_Defense" title="Semi-Slav Defense">Semi-Slav Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Chigorin_Defense" title="Chigorin Defense">Chigorin Defense</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Torre_Attack" title="Torre Attack">Torre Attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Trompowsky_Attack" title="Trompowsky Attack">Trompowsky Attack</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_chess_openings" title="List of chess openings">List of openings</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chess_opening_theory_table" title="Chess opening theory table">theory table</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_chess_gambits" title="List of chess gambits">List of chess gambits</a></li>

<li><a href="Irregular_chess_opening" title="Irregular chess opening">Irregular</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bongcloud_Attack" title="Bongcloud Attack">Bongcloud Attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholar's_mate" title="Scholar's mate">Scholar's mate</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">Endgames</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bishop_and_knight_checkmate" title="Bishop and knight checkmate">Bishop and knight checkmate</a></li>

<li><a href="Opposite-colored_bishops_endgame" title="Opposite-colored bishops endgame">Opposite-coloured bishops</a></li>

<li><a href="Pawnless_chess_endgame" title="Pawnless chess endgame">Pawnless endgame</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_and_pawn_versus_queen_endgame" title="Queen and pawn versus queen endgame">Queen and pawn vs. queen</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_versus_pawn_endgame" title="Queen versus pawn endgame">Queen vs. pawn</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_versus_rook_endgame" title="Queen versus rook endgame">Queen vs. rook</a></li>

<li><a href="Rook_and_bishop_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and bishop versus rook endgame">Rook and bishop vs. rook</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Lucena_position" title="Lucena position">Lucena position</a></li>

<li><a href="Philidor_position" title="Philidor position">Philidor position</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Strategy

<ul><li><a href="Fortress_(chess)" title="Fortress (chess)">fortress</a></li>

<li><a href="Opposition_(chess)" title="Opposition (chess)">opposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarrasch_rule" title="Tarrasch rule">Tarrasch rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Triangulation_(chess)" title="Triangulation (chess)">triangulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Zugzwang" title="Zugzwang">Zugzwang</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Endgame_study" title="Endgame study">Study</a></li>

<li><a href="Endgame_tablebase" title="Endgame tablebase">Tablebase</a></li>

<li><a href="Two_knights_endgame" title="Two knights endgame">Two knights endgame</a></li>

<li><a href="Wrong_bishop" title="Wrong bishop">Wrong bishop</a></li>

<li><a href="Wrong_rook_pawn" title="Wrong rook pawn">Wrong rook pawn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chess_tournament" title="Chess tournament">Tournaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_strong_chess_tournaments" title="List of strong chess tournaments">List of strong chess tournaments</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Chess Olympiad</a>

<ul><li><a href="Women's_Chess_Olympiad" title="Women's Chess Olympiad">Women</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a>

<li><a href="Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">Chess World Cup</a></li>

<li><a href="FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Other world championships

<ul><li><a href="Women's_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">Rapid</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Blitz_Chess_Championship" title="World Blitz Chess Championship">Blitz</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">Youth</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">Senior</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Amateur_Chess_Championship" title="World Amateur Chess Championship">Amateur</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Championship_of_Chess_Composition" title="World Championship of Chess Composition">Chess composition</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Chess_Solving_Championship" title="World Chess Solving Championship">Solving</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Computer chess championships

<li><a href="North_American_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="North American Computer Chess Championship">North American</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Computer_Speed_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Speed Chess Championship">WCSCC</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ca%C3%AFssa" title="Caïssa">Caïssa</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_aesthetics" title="Chess aesthetics">Chess aesthetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_in_the_arts" title="Chess in the arts">Chess in the arts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chess_in_early_literature" title="Chess in early literature">early literature</a></li>

<li>novels</li>

<li>paintings</li>

<li>poetry</li>

<li>short stories</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_chess_books" title="List of chess books">Chess books</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chess_opening_book" title="Chess opening book">opening books</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_endgame_literature" title="Chess endgame literature">endgame literature</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess"><i>Oxford Companion</i></a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_libraries" title="Chess libraries">Chess libraries</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_columns_in_newspapers" title="Chess columns in newspapers">Chess newspaper columns</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_chess_periodicals" title="List of chess periodicals">Chess periodicals</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arbiter_(chess)" title="Arbiter (chess)">Arbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_club" title="Chess club">Chess club</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_composer" title="Chess composer">Chess composer</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">Chess engine</a>

<ul><li><a href="AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li>

<li><a href="Leela_Chess_Zero" title="Leela Chess Zero">Leela Chess Zero</a></li>

<li><a href="Mittens_(chess)" title="Mittens (chess)">Mittens</a></li>

<li><a href="Stockfish_(chess)" title="Stockfish (chess)">Stockfish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_problem" title="Chess problem">Chess problem</a>

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_chess_problems" title="Glossary of chess problems">glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Joke_chess_problem" title="Joke chess problem">joke chess</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_prodigy" title="Chess prodigy">Chess prodigy</a></li>

<li><a href="Elo_rating_system" title="Elo rating system">Elo rating system</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical_Turk" title="Mechanical Turk">Mechanical Turk</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_exhibition" title="Simultaneous exhibition">Simultaneous exhibition</a></li>

<li><a href="Tie-breaking_in_Swiss-system_tournaments" title="Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments">Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments</a></li>

<li><a href="Solving_chess" title="Solving chess">Solving chess</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AChess" title="Portal:Chess">Chess portal</a></li>

<li>Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sports_rating_systems91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sports_rating_systems91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Sports_rating_system" title="Sports rating system">Sports rating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Home_advantage" title="Home advantage">Home advantage</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabermetrics" title="Sabermetrics">Sabermetrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Strength_of_schedule" title="Strength of schedule">Strength of schedule</a></li>

<li><a href="Win_probability" title="Win probability">Win probability</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods and computer models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advanced_Football_Analytics" title="Advanced Football Analytics">Advanced Football Analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="Anderson_%26_Hester" title="Anderson & Hester">Anderson & Hester</a></li>

<li><a href="ARGH_Power_Ratings" title="ARGH Power Ratings">ARGH Power Ratings</a></li>

<li><a href="Bowl_Championship_Series#Rankings" title="Bowl Championship Series">Bowl Championship Series</a></li>

<li><a href="Dickinson_System" title="Dickinson System">Dickinson System</a></li>

<li><a href="ECF_grading_system" title="ECF grading system">English Chess Federation grading</a></li>

<li><a href="Litkenhous_Ratings" title="Litkenhous Ratings">Litkenhous Ratings</a></li>

<li><a href="The_New_York_Times_College_Football_Rankings" title="The New York Times College Football Rankings">New York Times</a></li>

<li><a href="Pomeroy_College_Basketball_Ratings" title="Pomeroy College Basketball Ratings">Pomeroy College Basketball Ratings</a></li>

<li><a href="Pythagorean_expectation" title="Pythagorean expectation">Pythagorean expectation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rating_percentage_index" title="Rating percentage index">Rating Percentage Index (RPI)</a></li>

<li><a href="TrueSkill" title="TrueSkill">TrueSkill</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Elo_family32" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Elo_rating_system" title="Elo rating system">Elo</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chessmetrics" title="Chessmetrics">Chessmetrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Glicko_rating_system" title="Glicko rating system">Glicko</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Rating_System" title="Universal Rating System">Universal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polls and opinion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Coaches_Poll" title="Coaches Poll">Coaches Poll</a></li>

<li><a href="FWAA-NFF_Grantland_Rice_Super_16_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="FWAA-NFF Grantland Rice Super 16 Poll">FWAA-NFF Grantland Rice Super 16 Poll</a></li>

<li><a href="Harris_Interactive_College_Football_Poll" title="Harris Interactive College Football Poll">Harris Interactive College Football Poll</a></li>

<li><a href="Legends_Poll" title="Legends Poll">Legends Poll</a></li>

<li><a href="NAIA_Coaches'_Poll" title="NAIA Coaches' Poll">NAIA Coaches' Poll</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Pickleball#Player_ratings" title="Pickleball">Pickleball</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Tennis_Rating" title="Universal Tennis Rating">Tennis (UTR)</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Tennis_Association#NTRP_ratings" title="United States Tennis Association">Tennis (NTRP)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mark_Glickman" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Glickman">Mark Glickman</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Hollinger" title="John Hollinger">John Hollinger</a></li>

<li><a href="Bill_James" title="Bill James">Bill James</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Massey" title="Kenneth Massey">Kenneth Massey</a></li>

<li><a href="Ken_Pomeroy" title="Ken Pomeroy">Ken Pomeroy</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeff_Sagarin" title="Jeff Sagarin">Jeff Sagarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Nate_Silver" title="Nate Silver">Nate Silver</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeff_Sonas" title="Jeff Sonas">Jeff Sonas</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Wolfe_(sports_rankings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Wolfe (sports rankings)">Peter Wolfe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-31" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Chess_rating_system&oldid=1293285858">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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